Monetary policy

rates amongst countries. However, the decision to migrate is based on the individual rather than countries’ policies on the labor market. In this model, the individuals will move to maximize their incomes increase their wages and gain a positive monetary return from the movement. Individuals choose to migrate after a cost-benefit analysis of their relocation. This includes ‘the material costs of traveling, the costs of maintenance while moving and looking for work, the effort involved in learning

(1986), « Fiscal Policy and Trade Deficit », Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Economic Perspectives, May/June 1986, p. 15-23. ASCHAUER D.A. (1989a), « Is public expenditure productive ? », The Journal of Monetary Economics, numéro 23, 2, mars, p. 177-200. ASCHAUER D.A. (1989b), « Public investment and productivity growth in the group of Seven », Economic Perspectives, 13 (5), p. 17-25. ASCHAUER D.A. (1989c), « Does public capital crowd out private capital ? », The Journal of Monetary Economics,

Massachusetts: MIT Press). ———, 1997, “Growth and External Debt: A New Perspective on the African and Latin American Tragedies,” Center for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper No. 1753 (London). William Easterly, 2001, “Growth Implosions, Debt Explosions, and My Aunt Marilyn: Do Growth Slowdowns Cause Public Debt Crises?”World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2531 (Washington). ——— and Ross Levine, 2001, “What Have We Learned from a Decade of Empirical Research on Growth? It’s

relate to differentiation and increasing polarisation in livelihoods of Rwandan peasants. The introductory chapter sets the stage by analysing “Evolutions of growth, poverty and inequality” in post-1994 Rwanda. The two following chapters consider the policy makers’ perspective with regards to rural development. The first chapter, “Striving for growth, bypassing the poor?” provides a critical review of Rwanda’s rural sector policies, which aim to modernize and ‘professionalize’ the rural sector. The chapter

has clearly weakened the euro’s exchange rate, with fluctuations resulting from the varying level of investor concern with regards to the outcome of this crisis. Yet many factors should contribute to a weakening of the dollar: - excessive monetary creation in the United States; substantial fiscal deficit in the United States and the prospect of a sharp rise in public indebtedness; - external deficit of the United States; appreciation of the RMB against the dollar, which means that China

sum of money paid to farmers and agrobusinesses to supplement their income; manage the supply of agricultural commodities, and infuence the cost and supply of such commodities ( conton, milk, rice, sugar, tobacco, wheat..) The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is a system of European Union agricultural subsidies and programmes. Its aim is to provide Farmers whith reasonable standard of living, to provide condumers with quality food at fair prices and to preverse rural heritage. UAPME= European Association

Plans for Agriculture (NAPAs) in ASARECA Member Countries Jonathan Makau Nzuma Michael Waithaka Richard Mbithi Mulwa Miriam Kyotalimye Gerald Nelson Environment and Production Technology Division INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) was established in 1975. IFPRI is one of 15 agricultural research centers that receive principal funding from governments, private foundations, and international and regional organizations, most of

si OUI ; 0 si NON Région et Développement 217 REFERENCES Adams Jr. R. H., et John Page, 2003, International Migration, Remittances and Poverty in Developing Countries, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 3179. Aggarwal R. et al., 2006, Do Workers' Remittances Promote Financial Development. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, No.3957. Aggoun A., 2002, « Vieillissement et immigration. Le cas des femmes kabyles en France », Retraite et société, 2002/3, n° 37. Alkire S., 2002, “Dimensions

competitors. Third, the dollar depreciation against third currencies was smaller than during the previous year, giving way to a stabilisation of the renminbi. Nevertheless, the problem of the possible revaluation is still an issue for the Chinese economic policy. According to Bergsten (2004), China's peg to the dollar explains the reluctance of Asian countries to let their currencies rise against the dollar and the limited fall of the dollar's effective exchange rate, despite its substantial decline from

alleviation. •In the 1980s and 1990s its main focus was both debt management and structural adjustment. THE WORLD BANK’S ROLE It provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries ORGANIZATION • Board of Governors * policy makers at the World Bank * 187 members (member countries' ministers of finance or ministers of development) * 1 meeting annualy • Executive Directors * 24 members (elected during the Board of Governors meeting) * 5 largest shareholders (France