SeaWorld

do their bidding, trainers employed food and the sounds associated with providing it (whistles, and in some cases, clickers) instead. This system proved—and remains—consistently effective. Anheuser-Busch doesn’t have to worry about irate crowds at SeaWorld demanding their money back because Shamu and pals refuse to perform. Why the delay in applying these methods to dog training, then? To distill a somewhat murky history, studies of captive wolf packs were interpreted to suggest that these positive