Macroeconomics

social fabric, more crime, more violence in the home. At the national level, emphasis should be given to liberalizing the capital account more carefully, subjecting financial institutions to greater transparency and accountability, integrating macroeconomic management and social policies. At the international level, the focus should be on strengthening international action to regulate and supervise banking systems, developing better systems of early warning and crisis management, and establishing

de plati, pe baza ordinelor clientilor, si conducerea operatiunilor de casa ale intreprinderilor si institutiilor . In conditiile actuale, pe langa functiile bancare traditionale, sistemul bancar exercita si o serie de functii noi, prioritar macroeconomice. Una dintre primele asemenea functii consta in faptul ca bancile, banca de emisiune, coordoneaza platile si incasarile ce se efectueaza in intreaga economie nationala. Ele au misiunea de a asigura cadrul necesar emisiunii suplimentare de moneda

knowledgeeconomy 2) German public and private expenditures in R&D are more decentralized and SME oriented than in France. 2- The integration-architecture of services and industry plays a central role in economic growth • Analysis of French macroeconomic data suggest investments in ICTs infrastructure and services are not sufficient to maintain a high economic growth rate. • Productivity growth rates are still important in the industrial sector and the combination of organizational changes

ITS DYNAMICS .......................................................................................... 6 BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................. 8 MACROECONOMIC POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS ......................................................................................... 8 THE NATIONAL DIAMOND ........................................................................................................

le Régionalisme Ouvert. 35 Ou flottement administré. 36 Voir [Ffrench-Davis, 1999, p. 28-36] qui expose ces éléments en les opposant à la vision néolibérale. Cette partie du livre de Ffrench-Davis (1999) reprend l'article «Capital formation and macroeconomic framework: a neostructuralist approach» publié en 1993 dans l'ouvrage coordonné par O. Sunkel: «Development from within: Towards a neostructuralist approach for Latinamérica»,Ed. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder & London, New-York. 37 De plus

Bibliographie Barras r. (1986), A Comparison of Embodied Technical Change in Services and Manufacturing, Indusrty. Applied Economics, 18, 941-958. Boyer R. (1985), New Technologies and Employment in the Eighties : From Science and Techno logy macroeconomic modelling. Document de travail CEPREMAP n° 8526. to BOYER R., CORIAT B. (1987), « Technical Flexibility and macro-stabilisation ». Ronéoté CEPREMAP. boyer R., Petit P. (1981), Progrès technique, croissance et emploi : un modèle d'inspiration kaldorienne

Policy Transmission in the Euro Area: What Do Aggregate and National Structural Models Tell Us?», ECB Working Paper No 94. b. Mc Adam, P., and Morgan J., (2001), «The Monetary Mechanism At the Euro-Area Level: Issues and Result Using Structural Macroeconomic Models», ECB Working Paper No 93. c. Banque des Règlements Internationaux, (1995), «Financial Structure and the monetary policy transmission mechanism». d. Baghli, M., Bruhnes-Lesage, V., De Bandt, O., Fraisse, O., et Villetelle, J-P., (2003),

the Soviet Union—the share of the G7 in the global economy always stayed within three percentage points of 65 per cent. This remarkable stability also ushered in a period known as the Great Moderation to describe the reduced volatility of major macroeconomic outcomes in the developed world. Underpinning the performance of the G7, and indeed driving the global economy, is a large middle class. The middle class is an ambiguous social classification, broadly reflecting the ability to lead a comfortable

“Banking system stability: a cross-Atlantic perspective”, in M. Carey and R. Stulz (eds.), The Risks of Financial Institutions, National Bureau of Economic Research and Chicago University Press, p. 133-188 Harvey (A.) (1985) “Trends and cycles in macroeconomic time series”, Journal of Business and Economics Statistics, 3, p. 216-27 Huang (X.), Zhou (H.) et Zhu (H.) (2009) “A framework for assessing the systemic risk of major financial institutions”, Journal of Banking and Finance, 33, p. 2036–2049 Kaminsky

performance, which is mirrored in other categories of low-income countries, reflects in part these countries’ relatively weak links to international financial markets, which means they avoided the worst parts of the “boom-bust” cycle. However, improved macroeconomic management and earlier debt relief also increased their ability to react and adapt to volatile external conditions. The remaining middle-income countries (excluding countries that are undergoing restructuring, receiving hot money inflows or that