Costs

is how airlines are controlling the market. Yield management is mainly used in the airline, hotel and car rental industries. The principles of Yield Management are simple, it provides early discounts to increase occupancy and quickly cover fixed costs, but prices then rise to maximize revenue as demand increases. The main objective of this practice is to sell the right product to the right customer, at the right price, place, and time. The term Yield Management has appeared in the late 1970s in

alors pourquoi existe-t-il d’autres modes de coordination comme la firme?  Parce qu’il existe des coûts à recourir au marché : les COUTS DE TRANSACTION  Coûts de recherche d’information  Coûts de négociation, de rédaction des contrats (« ink costs »)  Coût d’exécution et de contrôle  Coûts d’adaptation SSA – Janvier 09 - 8 ! (1910-) Nobel 1991 4 Ronald Coase : pourquoi existe-il des firmes? Coase 1937 « The Nature of the Firm » (1910-) Nobel 1991 •  Coordination décentralisée

mondiale (2007), Costs of Pollution in China: Economic Estimates of Physical Damages, voir http://go.worldbank.org/FFCJVBTP40 Scapecchi, Pascale (2007), « The Health Costs of Inaction with Respect to Air Pollution », rapport d’expert établi pour Costs of Policy Inaction, à paraître en 2008, OCDE. Gagnon, N. (2007), « Unsafe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Associated Health Impacts and the Costs and Benefits of Policy Interventions at the Global Level », rapport d’expert établi pour Costs of Policy Inaction

specify and evaluate the costs including purchase, construction, maintenance, repair, running costs of the project for its projected lifetime. It also identifies and evaluates the benefits of the project over its lifetime. It is also important to identify whether cost is of a capital or revenue nature. Capital costs: these are costs incurred during the acquisition or enhancement of assets such as land,buildings, plant, machinery etc. Revenue costs: these are any costs incurred in a project other

by the end of 2008, as growth rates slowed, profit margins tightened and, in some countries, portfolio quality deteriorated. These Highlights look at the major trends in institutional performance and explore the impact of slowed growth on operating costs. The 2008 Microfinance Benchmarks capture the operational and financial performance of nearly 1,100 MFIs from just under 100 countries. These reference points mark the first global data set of this magnitude to capture the impact of the crisis and economic

management abnormal loss a decline in units in excess of normal expectations during a production process absorption costing a cost accumulation and reporting method that treats the costs of all manufacturing components (direct material, direct labor, variable overhead, and fixed overhead) as inventoriable or product costs; it is the traditional approach to product costing; it must be used for external financial statements and tax returns accepted quality level (AQL) the maximum limit for the number

against the three traditional criteria of evaluation are  Efficacy: the ability to meet agreed targets, additionality is a condition that must be checked Performance: ratio between the efficiency achieved and the investment, transaction costs associated directly or indirectly to the conclusion of contracts and monitoring. Equity: means to refer to a theory of justice, most sensitive issue because it involves judgments with regard to ethical principles. Different PES types These

presented to the commission as Operational Cost savings that would originate in the field of staff costs, aircraft ownership costs, maintenance costs, airport charges and ground operations costs as well as in the distribution and advertising costs. 2. Operational Cost Savings: The major efficiencies brought by Ryanair would result in, through this concentration, the following points: * Staff Costs: Ryanair argues that it would be able to reduce Aer Lingus total staffing by approximately 1000-1500

Strategy II Conditions likely to make rivalry severe: more detail • • • • • • • • • • Undifferentiated products Low switching costs for customers Strong exit barriers Excess capacity Intensity of competition Ease of collusion Presence of many sellers Some firms’ cost advantage over others Inability to adjust prices quickly Large and infrequent sales orders Absence of “facilitating practices” Absence of a history of cooperative pricing Managing Rivals • Potential Entrants • Deter

above the average Appendectomies: 6,000 appendectomies and 15 deaths per year avoided Cardiac catheter examinations: currently twice as many as can be expected. - - - Challenges in the Future  Quality (process, outcome)  Increasing Costs: OECD expected in the year 2020: 16% more of the European GDP in healthcare spending  Avoidable mistakes (diagnosis, treatment)  21st century medical technology ist delivered with 19th century organization structures and management practices What