Liberal democracy

and her religious fervor. After the revolutions of 1820 he became a nationalist. He was accepted at the university at the age of fourteen because of his good learning qualities. His experiences as a student converted him to the vision of a united liberal republic. Mazzini did not enjoy his time at university but acquired a degree in law in 1827. In 1830, Mazzini traveled to Tuscany and joined the Carbonari but was arrested in 1830 and sent in Savona. During his imprisonment, he made the decision to

Geopolitical Arguments: the example of TURKEY Firstable, a country which desire is to form part of the European Union must be a liberal democracy. The first condition is obviously to respect entirely the Human Rights. Some candidates countries don’t implement that. In Turkey for example mass media are always partially controlled by the government itself controlled by the army. Moreover the disparities between men and women are very strong. In spite of a theoretical balance rights between

to stay separate from the government. Second, state has to be constitutional and following the path of democracy. Finally, a state has to be recognized by the International system to acquire its legitimacy. Functions of a state are performed at both the external and domestic level to promote manageability of scale, protection and democracy. These goals can’t be achieved without following a liberal realism approach. Foreign policy can’t do without the domestic society. Yet, despite the interconnectedness

Mondiale a même ajouté une rubrique «  bonne gouvernance  » à la liste de ses critères de prêt1. Pour la Banque Mondiale, la notion de bonne gouvernance renvoie en priorité aux normes et pratiques que l’on rencontre communément dans les démocraties libérales  : un gouvernement représentatif et responsable, le règne de la loi et l’absence de corruption. Elle semble également adhérer au crédo néolibéral de la supériorité des économies de marché et de la nécessité d’introduire les mécanismes du marché dans

dans l’histoire comme un moment essentiel de bouleversements politiques, marqué par les progrès de l’idéologie démocratique. On aura en effet assisté à une accélération de la revendication, par les populations, du régime démocratique d’essence libérale et à un début d’application des libertés politiques qui lui sont intimement associées. Pour s’en convaincre, on rappellera que le cône sud de l’Europe se débarrasse de ses régimes autoritaires au milieu des années 1970 : « Révolution des Œillets »

geological boundaries, unlike politicians. Taking part in opinion polls is performing a political act because it gives a sample of the people’s thought about the current politics. For example, a survey published in Monday’s Sun newspaper “found the liberal democrats (…) in first place with 33 percent, with the conservatives on 32 percent and Labour on 26 percent.” This is most likely to have an impact on the politicians, and on their political campaigns. This also is politics happening. Politics

pas toujours vrai, du moins pour le moment. La deuxième constatation est l’existence d’un décalage, pour ne pas parler d’une contradiction, entre l’évolution historique de la démocratie en Occident et quelques principes de base de la thèse néo-libérale qui, il faut bien le reconnaître, est à l’origine du renouveau et de l’essor de l’économie de marché, ces vingt dernières années. Nous nous retrouvons ainsi devant une situation où l’économie de marché trouve à sa disposition une théorie fort

office, telephone, newspapers…). In the past times, the rare means of communication were among the causes of obscurantism; and their development obviously lead to social improvement. The freedom of expression is among the bases of market economy and democracy in modern countries. Everything happens more quickly with the spread of knowledge, with the comparison of viewpoints. It is perceived as an indicator of a legal system, the vaster is the freedom, the more democratic the system is. -4- B

tolerance, the Prime Minister declared an end to “passive tolerance” of divided communities, and says that members of all faiths must integrate into wider society and accept core values. To be British is to believe in freedom of speech and religion, democracy and equal rights regardless of race, sex or sexuality, he will say. Proclaiming a doctrine of “muscular liberalism”, he said that everyone, from ministers to ordinary voters, should actively confront those who hold extremist views. He warned that

BUDGE I., A New Spatial of Party Competition: Uncertainly, Ideology and Policy Equilibrium Viewed Comparatively and Temporally, British Journal of Political Science, Vol.24, n 4, October 1994, pp. 443-467. BUDGE I., KEMAN H., Parties and Democracy: Coalition Formation and Government Functioning in Twenty States, Oxford, University Press, 1990,243 Pages. BURDEAU G., Les parties, phénomène ancien et neuf, in BURDEAU G., Traité de science Politique, Paris, Librairie Générale de Droit et de