Probability theory

markets imperfect and characterized by the asymmetry of information. Starting from the theory of the agency which was associated with the Probit model, the results of the investigation made it possible to identify the determining factors of this risk, the measurement of the average risk as well as the seizure of the marginal effect of each factor on the risk. Keywords : small and medium-sized entrepreneurs, theory of the agency, risks, transborder trade, asymmetry of information, imperfect markets

integrated with the proceeding of market exchanges, and Clower's "cash in advance" constraint is always satisfied. Outwardly, the money circulation is now closed, continuous and dynamics. The post Keynesian approach to economic theory builds on Keynes's General Theory in which the aggregate demand is decomposed into two parts: [pic] and [pic].[7] According to Keynes, [pic], the consumption, is induced by income, and therefore the aggregate demand is fundamentally determined by [pic], the investment

theoretical framework. Chapter three will concentrate on methodology. Chapter four will deal with result and discussion and chapter five will deal with summary, conclusion and recommendation. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 THEORY ON PRODUCTIVITY The central definition of productivity is the relation between inputs and resulting outputs. An increase in output with equal input or decrease in input with equal output implies an increase in the productivity of the system.

and delusional belief. Cogn Neuropsychiatry,  15(1), 261‐287. Fletcher, P. C., & Frith, C. D. (2009). Perceiving is believing: a Bayesian approach to explaining the positive symptoms  of schizophrenia. Nat Rev Neurosci, 10(1), 48‐58. Friston, K. (2005). A theory of cortical responses. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 360(1456), 815‐836. Glimcher, P. (2003). Decisions, uncertainty, and the brain: the science of neuroeconomics. Cambridge: MIT Press. Glimcher P (2003) Decisions uncertainty and the brain:

reduce the number of smokers; second, it can make the working place cleaner and pleasant; and, finally, it may also modify the private dimension of life, since the employees' health is deemed to be crucial for the enterprise destiny. Considering the probability of effect, it is of course probable that the described effects of smoking will occur, but we have already noticed that smoking can have short-term and long-term consequences. For instance, it can undermine quite immediately relationship among colleagues

1988- Pages 121 -126 Why Financial Structure Matters Joseph E. Stiglitz he 1958 paper by Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller has been justly hailed as a landmark in the modern theory of finance. What has not been sufficiently emphasized is the importance of the paper to the development of economic theory and practice. Indeed, it is ironic that a paper which purportedly established that one need not pay any attention to financial structure-that financial structure was irrelevant-should have

approach », Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 7. DAMODORAN A. (2000), « The Dark Side of Valuation: Firms with no Earnings, no History and no Comparables », Working paper Stern School of Business, New York, March. DAVIDSON P. (1991), « Is Probability Theory Relevant for Uncertainty ? A Post Keynesian perspective », Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. Vol. 13 (1). DIDIER M., MARTINEZ M. (2000), « Le poids des technologies de l’information et de la communication dans le système productif », Nouvelle

political psychology and will generate further discussion and research in the field. The individual chapters are organized around four themes. Part I tries to define political psychology and provides an overview of the field. Part II raises questions about theory and empirical methods in political psychology. Part III contains arguments ranging from the position that the field is too heavily psychological to the view that it is not psychological enough. Part IV considers how political psychologists might best

70 Références. W. Feller, An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications, Vol. 1, Wiley & Sons, 1950. W. Feller, An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications, Vol. 2, Wiley & Sons, 1966. J.A. Fitzimmons and R.S. Sullivan, Service Operations Management, McGraw-Hill, 1982. D.P. Heyman and M.J. Sobel, Stochastic Models in Operations Research, Vol. 1, McGraw Hill, 1982. S.M. Ross, Introduction to Probability Models, Academic Press, 1989. H.A. Taha, Operations Research:

Handbook of Development Economic, Vol. 3, Ed. CNUCED, Rapport sur le développement en Afrique, 2007. David Romer, Macroéconomie approfondie, Collection science économique Edition science ,1997. Deaton Angus (1990),"Saving in developing countries: Theory and Review″ World banc Economy Review. Réalisé et soutenu par SOGLOHOUN Georges A 72 EPARGNE INTERIEURE ET CROISSANCE ECONOMIQUE : CAS DU BENIN DICKEY D. FULLER W. " Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with unit root″,