Ringuet Trente Arpents

in 1547 and an index of forbidden books (1559) which formalized censorship as the combined responsibility of Church and state. Militant popes, the active role played by the crusading Jesuits (founded in 1540) and the inauguration of the Council of Trent (1545–63) hardened opposition to the heretical supporters of Luther and Calvin who, however, continued to recruit high-profile converts like Coligny and Condé and held a secret synod in Paris in 1559. Tension increased in 1560 with the failed attempt