Aristocracy

------------------------------------------------- «As a matter of historical fact, entrepreneurs come from all classes which at the time of their emergence happen to exist. Their genealogies display most varied origins – the working class, the aristocracy, the professional groups, peasants and farmers, and the artisan class, all have contributed to what is sociologically not a uniform type" ------------------------------------------------- Schumpeter, 1939, I, p 104. Document 17 capitalisme

171 –172. Document 16 l’origine des entrepreneurs «As a matter of historical fact, entrepreneurs come from all classes which at the time of their emergence happen to exist. Their genealogies display most varied origins – the working class, the aristocracy, the professional groups, peasants and farmers, and the artisan class, all have contributed to what is sociologically not a uniform type" Schumpeter, 1939, I, p 104. Document 17 capitalisme et progrès social "On peut traduire le résultat de

on the convicts. They were poorly educated and brutal towards the convicts and Aborigines. 3. The free settlers They were respectable members of the Australian society. They came to find a better life. Most of them were the younger sons of aristocracy with no land, or the “black sheeps” of the family, or people with something to hide. Working class people hoping for a better life also came. ( In 1851, gold was discovered at Bathurst. The population of Victoria increased from 77.000 to 540

of immigration) as immigrant ships passed under the statue” when they entered New York harbor. “…”: quotation from a website In other words, in the minds of the late 19th century European immigrants, liberty no longer meant “freedom from the aristocracy of Britain that led the American colonists to the Revolutionary War” in the late 18th century. “Liberty also meant freedom to come to the United States and create a new life”. “…”: quotation from a website Therefore, in this final part of

which he saw as a practice surrounded by hypocrisy and absurdity. Although the play ends happily, it nevertheless leaves the audience under the impression that marriage and social values are often tied together in destructive ways. Ultimately, the aristocracy does not see marriage as an organ of love, but rather as a tool for achieving or sustaining social stature. Lady Bracknell is devoted to preserving the privileges enjoyed by the upper classes, and rejects Jack because of his possible lower-class

Paris, 1996. Aurell (M.), « La noblesse occidentale à la fin du Moyen Âge : bilan historiographique et perspectives de recherche », Memoria y Civilizacion, I, 1998, p. 97-110. Ayton (A.), Knights and Warhorses. Military Service and the English Aristocracy under Edward III, Woodbridge, 1994. Bean (J.M.W.), From Lord to Patron. Lordship in Later Medieval England, Manchester, 1989. Bennett (M.J.), Community, Class and Careerism. Cheshire and Lancashire Society in the Age of Sir Gawain and the Green

outside the home and banged pots and pans and other items to make a terrific din) or “riding the stang” (carrying effigies of the couple involved on a pole around the community accompanied by a “rough band” and a crowd of followers). Many of the aristocracy lived somewhat openly in some form of adultery, and there was not shame in concubinage or in producing a child out of wedlock. The important point was for the eldest son to marry and have a son by his wife to ensure kinship, inheritance, and the

analyzed against the cultural and intellectual background of sixteenth-century Italy. Issues discussed include the philosophical and scientific inquiries that defined the humanist discourse, new challenges of knowledge, and rise of the mercantile aristocracy. The focus of the course will be on the impact of these developments on the arts and the re-definition of the Renaissance visual code. Leonardo's analytical scrutiny and Michelangelo's sweeping vision are two opposites that epitomize the new visuality

traditional social positions – despite and against the gains they had made by the widespread communations of dues. In other words, the absolutist state was never an arbiter between the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie [comme le soutenait Engels], still less an instrument of the nascent bourgeoisie against the aristocracy [comme le soutenait Marx]: it was the new political carapace of a threatened nobility. (Anderson 1979: 18-19) Ce qui est fondamental dans ce déplacement, selon Anderson, c’est que les

Clubs like the Terpsichore certainly existed, where gentlemen (were they?) could be entertained with sexual shows and intercourse, if they wished. Mistresses were common, although discretion was the watchword. (Women, too, especially those of the aristocracy could and did have lovers, again discreetly. The hypocrisy of the age is legendary.) Men were expected to be experienced, but they must never slip from their position of "gentleman". The most humiliating experience Charles undergoes is having to