Poor Laws

conveniences of life, unmolested by the power or schemes of their fellow men. This selfish principle in men in all known societies makes the poor dissatisfied with their social inferiority, and their scanty share of the benefits of nature; the rich, the prey of axiety for the continuance and safety of their wealth; and the middle classes, sharers in the distresses of both the poor and the rich. […] The evils which man is subject to by nature, such as floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, wild beasts, storms and diseases

leading oil producer in the world, few have benefited from this resource. Almost 70% of Nigerians live on less than one dollar a day. A poor man can be swept off his feet to jail where he will wither away without lawyer or trial or light of day. “A rich man can buy his freedom, though he would likely never be arrested in the first place. He can shame the (usually poor) policemen into admitting that their guns have no bullets and their threats have no depth compared with his pocket”. One Journalist reported

sexual or moral harassment. ● A lot of psychological consequences: anxiety, depression, humiliation, helplessness, confusion, embarrassment, fear, intimidation, hopelessness, self-blame, stress, anger, loss of self-esteem, shame, suicidal thoughts, poor concentration, insecurity, isolation, feeling of marginality. ● If they refuse the advances of their boss, the price to pay for women is very high : unfair evaluations, bad references, a professional record altered, the refusal of employment opportunities

from slavery of the past. Today, slaves are cheap, and they are disposable. The drop in prices can be explained by the population explosion at the end of WWII. Indeed, it helped create a flood of potential slaves. It is an illustration of the laws of supply and demand: with so many potential slaves, their value has plummeted. This drop in prices makes the slaves disposable as buying a slave is no longer a major investment. Today, slaves are temporary: there is no reason to invest in their

minimal. Dans les faits, les choses ne se sont pas passées ainsi, les formes d’intervention de l’Etat dans la sphère sociale et économique ont été importantes tout au long du 19ème siècle et jusqu’à la guerre de 1914 - 1918. a. Les Poors Laws Anglaises Les Poors Laws (Lois sur les pauvres) renvoient aux aides financières accordées aux plus pauvres en Angleterre et dans le reste du Royaume Uni entre le 17ème et le 19ème siècle. Elles sont nées de la volonté des Tudors de contrôler les populations pauvres

that are left aside, and the ones that have been cheated on. Therefore, when Indigenous peoples hear that globalization is a phenomenon that includes each and every person on the planet, they always have the same suspicion in their minds. Will the laws be able to prevent forests from being clear-cut? Is it possible to remain who we are (or who we should be), or the only choice that is presented to us is to become a part of the market? Many questions arise in their mind and they consider the answers

début du XIXème siècle : c’est à partir de ce moment que les médecins vont commencer à venir y soigner les malades. En Angleterre il y a un système de prise en charge de la pauvreté organisé par l’état à la fin du XVIème siècle : système des « poor laws ». La loi la plus importante a été votée en 1601. C’est un système qui se fait en dehors de toutes institutions (pas de prise en charge dans les hôpitaux). Les soins et aides sont prodigués dans les paroisses. En Suède ce sont les communes qui

some principles in his nature, which interest him in the fortune of others, and render their happiness necessary to him, thought he derives nothing from it except the pleasure of seeing it (…) The greatest ruffian, the most hardened violator of the laws of society, is not altogether without » (Smith, 1759, p.9). Smith pense qu’il y a un processus naturel, une « main invisible » qui vont harmoniser la recherche d’intérêt personnel et celui de la collectivité. Ainsi au niveau économique, le marché s’autorégule

, Jeremy Bentham’s Economic Writings, Londres, George Allen and Unwin, vol. 1. Bentham J., 1789, Introduction aux principes de morale et de législation, Vrin, 2011. Bentham J., 1796-1797, Essays on the Subject of the Poor Laws, in Bentham J., Writings on the Poor Laws, Oxford University Press, vol. 1. Bentham J., 1801a, Defence of a Maximum, in Bentham J., Jeremy Bentham’s Economic Writings, Londres, George Allen and Unwin, vol. 3. Bentham J., 1801b, Sur les prix, manuscrit Dumont

The social world is not a given; its rules are produced by human beings. From an epistemological point of view, positivist philosophy states that the social world can be observed and known exactly like the natural one, that it is driven by universal laws which can be discovered exactly as any physical law driving the natural world. Practically, or let us say methodologically, this implies that the social world can be studied exactly the same way as natural world i.e. by an external scientist in position