Inequality

P. (2001), « Poverty Reduction and Sectoral Growth: Evidence from Southeast Asia », document présenté lors de la conférence sur le développement organisée par WIDER sur le thème : croissance et pauvreté, Helsinki. Warr, P. et Wang, W. (1999), « Inequality and Economic Growth in Taiwan », dans : G. Ranis et R. Hu, dir. publ., The Political Economy of Development in Taiwan: Essays in Memory of John CH Fei, Edward Elgar, pages 133–165. WDI (2009), Base de données des indicateurs de développement de

century heavily urbanized, with a lot of buildings, skyscrapers, chic ghetto and luxurious residences, which are opposed to the huge tides of slums, the favelas. Following this difference between poor’s and rich families, Brazil has the economic inequality among the higher in the world. One problem of social instability is the high level of delinquencies. Moreover Brazil is ranked third in the world about the criminality. In 2007, there was an average of 50 000 homicides. Another problem related to

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Peter H. Lindert, Je¤rey G. Williamson "Does globalization makes the world more inequal?", NBER n 8228. 10 cf. Je¤rey G. Williamson "Winners and losers over two century of globalization", NBER n 9161. 11 François Bourguignon, Christian Morrisson "Inequality among World Citizens: 18201992" The American Economic Review vol. 92, No. 4 (Sep., 2002), pp. 727-744. 12 Données et descriptions disponibles à l’ adresse : http://www.delta.ens.fr/XIX/ 9 0.3 MONDIALISATION ET INÉGALITÉS xxvii revenu

Lindert, Je¤rey G. Williamson "Does globalization makes the world more inequal?", NBER n 8228. 10 cf. Je¤rey G. Williamson "Winners and losers over two century of globalization", NBER n 9161. 11 François Bourguignon, Christian Morrisson "Inequality among World Citizens: 18201992" The American Economic Review vol. 92, No. 4 (Sep., 2002), pp. 727-744. 12 Données et descriptions disponibles à l’ adresse : http://www.delta.ens.fr/XIX/ 0.3 MONDIALISATION ET INÉGALITÉS xxvii revenu

: 1 Forecast: LEVF Actual: LEV Sam pie: 1978 1999 Include observations: 22 ,/ 1 1 l ",,1 " 01 /....... , ... " J , ' 1 l l ,1 1 11 Root Mean Squared Errt)r030971 Mean Absolute Error 0.025934 Mean Abs. Percent Err~.658639 Theil Inequality CoefficiM03930 Bias Proportion 0.000000 Variance ProportionO.056188 Covariance Proporti6r943812 Efficacité des dépenses publiques en capital humain au Bénin TABLEAU N° 3 Test de causalité de LEV HYPOTHESES NULLES LEV ne cause pas LADPGR LRSANTEGR

because the discipline ha[d] a mission to fulfil in imparting our experience to other nations . . . integrating scientifically their institutions into a universal pattern of government’ (cited in Blyth 2006: 493). After all, the problems of poverty, inequality, injustice, war and underdevelopment are just as important as anything studied by ‘real’ scientists. What scientists do, in this naïve view, is analyse their part of the physical world, produce hypotheses about how certain features work, and test

in probability 2.6 definition xn converges in probability to a constant x if n→∞ lim Pr (|xn − x| > ǫ) = 0 ∀ǫ > 0 −→ it ensures that xn is close to x for a large enough sample! −→ definition of consistent estimator 2 Chebyshev inequality: Pr (|xn − µn| > ǫ) ≤ σn /ǫ2 2 −→ convergence in mean square (µn → c and σn → 0) implies convergence in probability! Convergence in distribution 2.7 definition xn converges in distribution to a random variable x if ∀ continuity points

and Public Affairs. Vol.6. (Sen, 1977b, p.107). [44] " La possibilité du choix social - Conférence Nobel ", Revue de l'OFCE n° 70, juillet 1999 [45] " La possibilité du choix social - Conférence Nobel ", Revue de l'OFCE n° 70, juillet 1999 [46] Inequality reexamined, Oxford India Paperbacks 1995, p. 56. [47] Michel Maric, " Egalité et équité : l'enjeu de la liberté. Amartya Sen face à John Rawls et à l'économie normative ", Revue française d'économie, vol. XI, n° 3, 1996, pp. 95-125. [48] Clifford

[1954] : The Pure Theory ofPublic Expenditure, Review of Economics and Statistics, 36. T. Sandier [1997] : Global Challenges : an Approach to Environmental, Poli tical and Economic Problems, Camb ridge university press, Cambridge. A. Sen [2000] Inequality Reexamined, trad, française : Repenser l'inégalité, Seuil, Paris, 282 p. R. Solow [1974] : Intergenerational Equity and Exhaustible Resources, Review of Economie Studies, Sym posium, mai, pp. 29-46. J. Stiglitz [1995] : The Theory of Inter national