Childbirth

Passes” section of the novel begins. The First World War breaks out and brings death and destruction to Europe. Mrs. Ramsay suddenly passes away one night. Her eldest son Andrew is killed in battle, and his sister Prue dies from complications of childbirth. The family’s summer home stands empty and falls into a state of disrepair. Ten years pass before the remaining members of the family return. The house is again set in order, looking quite the same as it used to, when Lily Briscoe and Augustus Carmichael

Khan, M. (2004), The relationship between duration of labour, time of delivery, and puerperal psychosis, Regional Mental Health Care London, vol 83, issue 2, 215-220 Zillborg, G. (1929), The dynamics schizophrenic reactions related to pregnancy and childbirth, Am. J Psychiatr, chap 8, 733-70. 

misfortune in a workhouse in an unnamed town (although when originally published in Bentley's Miscellanyin 1837 the town was called Mudfog and said to be within 75 miles north of London). Orphaned almost from his first breath by his mother’s death in childbirth and his father’s unexplained absence, Oliver is meagerly provided for under the terms of the Poor Law, and spends the first nine years of his life at a baby farm in the 'care' of a woman named Mrs. Mann. Along with other juvenile offenders against

and of your period of absence by the means which you wish. Under what conditions are they compensated? In case of permanent contracts To benefit for compensations, she must: -be assured social for 10 months at least at the date of the childbirth. -have performed at least 200 hours of job, during the trimester preceding the start of her pregnancy or her prenatal leave. -or to have paid the contribution on a wage in the least equal for 1 015 times the sum of minimum wage (that is 8

Pan American Health Organization, 2001. Tinker A, Finn K, Epp J. Improving women’s health: issues & interventions. Washington, DC, World Bank, 2000. The state of the world’s children 2002. New York, United Nations Children’s Fund, 2001. Pregnancy, childbirth, post-partum and Newborn Care: an essential care guide. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2003 [draft document]. Nachbar N, Baume C, Parekh A. Assessing safe motherhood in the community: A guide to formative research. Arlington, VA, MotherCare/John

7 58,5 15,9 2009 (p) 24,5 58,8 16,7 Births (thousand) Deaths (thousand) Birth rate (‰) Death rate (‰) Infant mortality rate (‰) Marriage rate (‰) Male life expectancy Female life expectancy Mean age at first marriage Men Women Mean age at childbirth Total fertility rate Age breakdown at January 1 (%)1 under 20 20-64 65 or over Source : Insee, bilan démographique 2008. 1990 76,3 59,0 22,3 42,2 5,3 11,0 19,5 26,9 28,3 11,9 23,6 2000 75,5 63,2 23,3 44,8 2,7 13,8 21,0 28,9 26,8 16,9 31

we know that he researched the period quite exhaustively. So, then, what do we have to consider? Women of the middle and upper classes were sexually ignorant before marriage - some indeed remained so afterwards, except for the processes of childbirth, which can hardly be ignored! It was certainly not seemly for a female to invite sexual activity, or intercourse either before, or, one assumes, after marriage. there must have been exceptions, of course. It is unlikely that ALL Victorian women

needles and clothes hangers into the uterus. These methods are rarely seen in developed countries where surgical abortion is legal and available.[28] Health considerations Early-term surgical abortion is a simple procedure which is safer than childbirth when performed before the 16th week.[29][30] Abortion methods, like most minimally invasive procedures, carry a small potential for serious complications.[31][32] The risk of complications can increase depending on how far pregnancy has progressed

woman simply doesn’t want to have a child. Women who already have children are aware of the time and energy a baby demands and may neither want, nor be able, to give it. Some of them don’t want to have child because they are afraid of pregnancy or childbirth. These experiences can be traumatic and women who have suffered badly with a previous pregnancy or who have suffered severe post-natal depression may decide to have an abortion rather than risk a similar experience. At least, the economic conditions

7 58,5 15,9 2009 (p) 24,5 58,8 16,7 Births (thousand) Deaths (thousand) Birth rate (‰) Death rate (‰) Infant mortality rate (‰) Marriage rate (‰) Male life expectancy Female life expectancy Mean age at first marriage Men Women Mean age at childbirth Total fertility rate Age breakdown at January 1 (%)1 under 20 20-64 65 or over Source : Insee, bilan démographique 2008. 1990 76,3 59,0 22,3 42,2 5,3 11,0 19,5 26,9 28,3 11,9 23,6 2000 75,5 63,2 23,3 44,8 2,7 13,8 21,0 28,9 26,8 16,9 31