Welfare economics

Discussion Paper in Economic and Social History: 31, 3 Denis FERRAND, « Accélération de la productivité globale des facteurs aux États-Unis », Revue Rexecode, 3e trimestre 2000 4 Robert GORDON, « Does the "New Economy" Measure up to the Great Inventions of the Past ? », Journal of Economic Perspectives, mai 2000. 5 D. OLINER et Daniel E. SICHEL, « The Resurgence of Growth in the Late 1990s : is Information Technology the Story ? », Federal Reserve Board Finance and Economics, Discussion Series n°

nongovernmental actors. They believe in the creation of institutions. Regimes based on norms, rules, and principles of international law. They embrace a positive view of human nature, a belief and faith in the notion of progress, not only military, but in the economic and social realms as well (Baylis). Liberals tend to be hopeful about prospects of making the world safer and more peaceful (Mearsheimer). There are four essential principles for classic liberalism: reason, equality, freedom and private property

and interdependence in stock markets : Have they been misdiagnosed ? », Journal of Economics and Business, n° 55, 405-426. BRI (1999), Rapport annuel, n° 69. Broner F.A., Gelos R.G. (2003), “Testing the portfolio channel of contagion : the role of risk aversion”, Fourth Annual IMF Research Conference, Washington, novembre. Cantor R., Parker F. (1996), « Determinants and impacts of sovereign credit ratings », Economic policy review, FRB of NY, vol. 2, octobre. Caramazza F., Ricci L., Salgado R. (2000)

the paper, most empirical studies on the relationship between trade, poverty and inequality show that trade has contributed to increased inequality in developing countries, which contradicts the results of standard economic theory. The impact on poverty is more consistent to economic theory. These studies suggest that trade is not the main factor determining the evolution of poverty and inequality within countries. Key Words: Trade, Growth, poverty, inequalities, developing countries. JEL Code :

economy, so increasing the utility of advertising. But, with such practices, the advertising fails to keep its promise to maximize welfare. Because it is contradictory to human nature, certain critics continue, advertising is wrong even if it really maximizes the utility, in the raw sense of the speech of Jeremy Bentham (who arguse in favour of individual and economic freedom). Some critics conclude that advertising inhibits consumers from developing certain specific virtues ; for example moderation

actifs avec enfants (El Mekkaoui De Freitas et al., 2008 ; COR, 2009). 20 Bibliographie Atkinson A.B. (1970), “On measurement of economic inequality”, Journal of Economic Theory, vol. 2, n°3, pp. 244-263, Atkinson T., Glaude M., Olier L. & Piketty T. (2001), Inégalités économiques, Rapport du Conseil d’Analyse Economique, Barr N. (2001), The Welfare State as Piggy Bank, Information, Risk, Uncertainty, and the role of the State, Oxford : Oxford University Press, 320p, Bourguignon

World scenario. Dan Hammer from the Center for Global Development generously contributed the map showing the shifting economic centre of gravity in the world. An anonymous referee and Andrew Mold, Development Centre, OECD, provided very helpful comments. 4 © OECD 2010 OECD Development Centre Working Paper No.285 DEV/DOC(2010)2 PREFACE Over the last twenty years, economic and political power has been shifting towards emerging economies. A number of developing countries have become centres

segmentation for Dior Perfumes. • Economic A company depends on the economic cycle that moves from slump to boom and so on. Booms and upturns are pretty good for a company’s activity but then come usually downturns and slumps and leads the company to recession. But in the luxury market, some companies like Dior Perfumes are called “recession proof” because Dior targets wealthy customers that always have purchasing power and do not depend on the economic situation. Luxury products such as Dior

également la présence d’un aléa moral. 2. L’aléa moral. Beaucoup de défaillances dans le secteur de la santé ont été mises en évidence, notamment par les pionniers de l’économie de la santé, tels Arrow (1921- ; 1963 "Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care") ou Stiglitz (1943- ; fondateur de l’économie de l’information). Le risque d'aléa moral est du point de vue théorique la défaillance la plus communément citée dans le secteur de l'assurance, ainsi qu’en économie de la santé

-Canada free trade agreement: the role of product differentiation and market structure », Seminar Discussion Paper No. 227, Department of Economics, The University of Michigan. Brown, D.K. et R.M. Stern (1988b). (( Computable general equilibrium estimates of the gains from U.S.-Canadian trade liberalization », Seminar Discussion Paper No. 220, Department of Economics, The University of Michigan. Burniaux, J.M., F. Delorme, 1. Lienert et J.P. Martin (1988). ((Quantifying the economy-wide effects of