Elasticity

- 83. Feiwel G.R, The Economic of Imperfect Competition and Employment Joan Robinson and Beyond, Mc Millan Press, 1989. Formby J.P, Layson S.K, Smith W.J , Price Discrimination, Adjusted Concavity, and Output Change Under Conditions of Constant Elasticity, Economic Journal, 1983, 93, pp 892-899. Gabszewicz J., Thisse J.F, Competitive Discriminatory Pricing, chap 11, pp 387–406, In Feiwel G.R, The Economic of Imperfect Competition and Employment Joan Robinson and Beyond, Mc Millan Press, 1989. Gabszewicz

and extreme poverty was most pronounced in urban Kigali and least marked in the rural areas (GoR, 2006A). The strength of the growth - poverty connection can be roughly determined by comparing the Rwandan growth elasticity of poverty with cross-country averages. The average growth elasticity of poverty is estimated to be within the interval -2 and -3. This means that a positive economic growth rate of 1% leads to a 2% to 3% decrease of poverty, measured as the percentage of poor living below the poverty

of the importance of the pricing decision and its influence on the profitability of the company on a new market. Key words: Pricing decisions, globalization, international, cultural, adaptation, standardization, profitability, presence mode, elasticity. 2 | P a g e Marketing Management & Communication de l’École Supérieure de Commerce de Toulouse Enjeux de la recherche : La réflexion marketing est toujours basée sur des variables exogènes et endogènes relatives à l’activité de l’entreprise

range positionning, should adopt a Differenciation Strategy. Indeed, by its high quality competitve advantage, Pretroliva sould have a supply whose perceived value is higher than the competititors. Moreover, by its distinct properties, the price elasticity of demand tends be reduced and customers tends to be brand loyal. But Petroliva has to keep in mind thatd as this strategy include extra costs (high advertising, product development, marketing...). Beside, Petroliva differenciation strategy would

Modeling (SEM) package through Amos version 5.0. will be shared by indicators or will correlate and thus 1815 mouth, complaining behaviour and purchase intentions[22]. The behavioral loyalty measures include attributes such as brand allegiance, price elasticity, share of category (number of times a brand is purchased in a given period) and price until switching[23]. The cognitive loyalty component includes attributes like preference to the service organisation, the belief that the service organisation

impact. These findings are supported also by Federer [1996, in Hamilton 2001] whereby oil price volatility was found to depress spending and investment through its effects on uncertainty [Federer 1996]. In particular the analysis showed that the elasticity of investment with respect to changes in volatility is -0.11, while it is 0.44 against price change. In other words, a one percent increase in volatility is associated with 0.11 percent decline in investment, when other things such as interest rates

influential in the market industry 2) The bargaining power of suppliers The supplier determines the price and the quality of the product. In other terms a supplier with important power could constrain more expensive costs according to the elasticity of retailer demand. A company works in collaboration with their suppliers of materials or sevices in order to produce the final goods or services. The ice cream industry includes the following suppliers: • Machinery suppliers • Water suppliers

λα+βf(L,K) AλKαλLβ = λ²AKαLβ Fonction de production, homogène de degré α+β Si α+β=1, alors les rendements d’échelle sont constants Si α+β<1, alors ils sont décroissants Si α+β>1, alors ils sont croissants * La fonction CES (Constant Elasticity Substitution) Mise en évidence dans les années 50 pars 4 économistes : Arrow, Chenery, Minhas et Solow C’est une fonction de production à élasticité de substitution constante. Q = f(L,K) = [aKp+bLp]1/p, a et b sont positifs mais p peut

importance of the product or service to respondents’ life style or work. In B-2-B environments, the relevance of both the product category and the product are important in determining the type and tenor of promotional programs. Also issues of price elasticity, distribution channels and sales approaches can be realistically developed once relevancy is determined. Preference: In research, asking a customer an open-ended question like “Which supplier’s product do you prefer?” will suffice if the respondent

spécifiquement, les trois dimensions de l' indice KOF peuvent être définies selon les éléments L EÇON 1 : GLOBALISA T/ON DE LA RICHESSE ET DE LA PAUVRETÉ 15 UNIVERSITÉ MONTESQUIEU - BORDEAUX IV Export to GDP elasticity 3.0 Export to GDP share (%) 30 2.5 2.0 1.5 Elasticity Share ~ ,... ~ ~ ~ -~ 1~ 25 20 15 1.0 10 5 0.5 0 0 Stmrres: \'ilorld Bank Ocvfiopment DJta I'IJtform {DDP) and mff cakulations. Note: Elasticiry is calcula red as the perct:nt cl1ange