Substitute good

EU’s Chocolate Dispute and the Directive 73/241 EEC SUMMARY Introduction Chocolate is the most enjoyed treat nowadays. As an imported good, chocolate was seen as a luxury product for many decades, but it is now more accessible to anyone in Europe. Cocoa was first cultivated in Central America and is now also produced in Africa and Asia. Cocoa trade has increased over the years and many southern countries such as the Ivory Coast, Ghana or Nigeria now rely on the export of cocoa beans in their economies

particular the case with agricultural products. REVENUE (CROSS ELASTICITY OF DEMAND) Many companies are concerned with the impact that rival pricing strategies will have, ceteris paubus, on their demand for their own product. Remember that substitutes are characterized by a positive XED: the higher the numerical value the grater the degree of substitutability between these alternatives in the eyes of the consumer. In such cases there is a high degree of interdependence between suppliers and dangers

7 2.2) Legal Environment 8 Part 3: Design Competition (Porter) 10 A) Intensity of competition 10 B) Power of suppliers' negotiations 12 C) Bargaining power of customers………………………………………………………...12 D) New entrants 13 E) The threat of substitute products 13 Conclusion 14 Introduction China is now a country growing. In fact, with 1.3 billion people China is now among the BRIC economics. This constant exponential growth continues to attract the country and different sectors. Indeed

competitors: SUNDAY, People, Smartphone, CSL, New World, Hutchison BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS  The bigger the pool of mobile operators, the higher the bargaining power of buyers. Buyers have very low switching costs. SUBSTITUTES  The only possible substitutes are: fixed phones and Internet (e.g. Skype) * Porter, M., “How competitive forces shape strategy“, Harvard Business Review, 1997 2. The industry 2.2 Industry attractiveness Conclusion drawn from Porter’s five forces: •

biens et services, certaines entreprises mettent en place des stratégies incitatives. Comme par exemple, la réduction de prix, carte de fidélité, etc. · SUBSTITUT C’est un bien ou service que l'on consomme par substitution à un autre bien mais qui concoure lui aussi à la satisfaction du besoin. Le Clarin TIROZ peut être pris comme substitut par rapport au Liqueur Valdivieso, par exemple. · PROFIT Le profit est une rémunération variable, incertaine mais espérée, du risque pris par le détenteur

developed by manufacturer and on the service that manufacturer provide. The high completion on the car market increase customers influence power. Substitute product risk Cars are the main French way of transport; globally the substitute risk is low. However there are big differences between urban and on urban agglomeration. In big cities the substitute risk is higher than in country. Common transports are well developed and many French biggest cities have policy to reduce the use of cars in city

1- The ice cream industry 4 a- Definition 4 b- Competitors 4 c- Market analysis 5 2- Ice cream industry analysis: Porter’s five forces 5 1- Power of buyers 5 2- Power of suppliers 6 3- New entrants 7 4- Substitutes 8 5- Rivalry 8 3- Criticism of Porter’s model 9 [pic] 11 [pic] 12 [pic] British consume a yearly average of 8,5 litres of ice cream which is way behind United States, New Zealand or Denmark where consumption surpass 20 litres. Increasing

have been investigated and its inefficiency has been proved. What is more, alternative medicine has been defined by some of them as a fraud. In my opinion, alternative therapies are good if you use them as a complement of the treatments which are part of the conventional healthcare system. If you see them as a substitute, you can be missing the opportunity to obtain treatments that could be more helpful. For example, you can feel that the alternative treatment that you are following is effective, but

organiza- a good buy. This is pretty general, but tion, just as it limits to some degree note that it starts with "right material." any generalizations regarding the pro- What is this thing we call "right qualcurement pattern as between various ity"? Quality is that which fits a prodcompanies. Yet there is an emerging uct to a given use. The products vendors over-all pattern, and the basic principles have to sell are not simply good, they are are much the same in spite of necessary good for a given

supplied directly by Michelin especially French car manufacturers (as Renault and PSA Companies). The bargaining power of buyers is high in this case because manufacturers need high volumes and they can negotiate prices with Michelin and it requires a good quality of products and services. * The consumers are the second type of buyers; it is the major market for tires manufacturers, because the replacement of worn tires is very important. In this case the bargaining power of consumers is very weak